ProceduresEvolvabilityCompetitions < Lab

---+++ Competition Assays for Evolvability Lines

Serial transfer of 3.5 µl of culture to 900 µl of fresh medium achieves 8.0120 generations per day (assuming the 3.5 µl is transfered with the pin tool and it also takes 3.5 µl away after the transfer). This is a 258.1x dilution.

Generally DM0 + 0.01% w/v of a single carbon compound is used as the growth medium. For glucose, this allows growth to approximately 2 x 10<sup>8</sup> cells per ml. Other compounds may not support this level of growth.

---+++ Materials
   * 96-well pin tool that transfers 3.5 µl.
   * For each competition plate:
      * 5 deep 96-well plates filled with 900 µl per well of growth medium.
      * 1 deep 96-well plate filled with 900 µl per well of saline.
      * 4 deep 96-well plates filled with 600 µl per well of saline.
   * For each competition replicate:
      * 2 TA plates.

---+++ Procedure

---++++ Day 1: Reviving Frozen Stocks

Revive the strains to be tested from the freezer by growing them in deep 96-well plates containing 900 ml of the competition medium per well. If using a mixed population, be sure to use at least 3.5 µl of inoculate from the frozen stock to ensure that the sample is representative of the population. 

You will need two plates for each competitoon plate that you are creating, one for reviving each of the strains to be competed separately (for example, one for the evolved strains and one for the ancestor strains). Frozen plates of 606/607 in a checkerboard pattern are available to start the ancestor strains for competitions.

Grow 40-48 hours at 37°C with shaking at 120 rpm.

---++++ Day 3: Preconditioning Cultures

Transfer 3.5 µl from each well to a fresh deep 96-well plate filled with 900 µl of the growth medium per well. After this second cycle of dilution and growth, cells have presumably reached a physiological steady state similar to what occurs during the evolution experiment and an accurate estimate of their fitness under those conditions can be made.

Grow _exactly_ 48 hours at 37°C with shaking at 120 rpm.

---++++ Day 5: Begin Competition

Add 900 µl of DM0 to every well in each of these plates. Pair up plates containing strains that will be competed. Mix these by slowly circulating the pin tool before transferring 3.5 µl from *each* of the two plates into a new plate with 900 µl growth medium per well. 

Creating the 2-fold dilutions of each strain before mixing them is necessary since we want the *total* cell number of both strains we are competing to be approximately at what it would be during a normal day of growth, i.e. we need to achieve 8 generations under the exact conditions of evolution.

Immediately make a dilution of the competition plates by transferring 3.5 µl from each well into a plate containing 600 µl of saline per well. Dilute 3.5 µl from each well of this first serial dilution plate into a second plate containing 600 µl of saline per well.

Move competition microplates to the incubator. Grow _exactly_ 48 hours at 37°C with shaking at 120 rpm.

Plate 5-200 µl of the final dilution on TA plates. A dilution should be chosen to yield 100-300 cells. Use the following table as a guide for the densities that the ancestor achieves after growth in each of the carbon compounds that was tested. The densities of evolved strains on a given carbon compound may have changed. It may need to be empirically determined before performing the competition. (If the final density changes by more than 2-fold, then some of the assumptions of this method for determining fitness are challenged. The amount of ancestor cells in the initial mixture could be adjusted to compensate, but there may still be frequency dependent effects on fitness.)

| *Cell Density* | *Volume to Plate* | *Carbon Compounds* |
| 4 x 10<sup>8</sup> | 12.5 µl | 1, 2, 17 |
| 2 x 10<sup>8</sup> | 25 µl | 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 18, 19 |
| 1 x 10<sup>8</sup> | 50 µl | 5, 13, 14, 15, 22, 24  |
| 5 x 10<sup>7</sup> | 100 µl | 12, 16, 21  |
| 2.5 x 10<sup>7</sup> | 200 µl | 11, 20, 23 |
This is to achieve ~200 cells per plate. The final dilution factor is 7.56 x 10<sup>6</sup>.

Grow plates for 16-24 hours at 37°C.

---++++ Day 6: Count Initial Plates

Count the numbers of red and white colonies on each TA plate to determine the initial frequencies of the two strains in the competition before growth.

---++++ Day 7: End Competition

Transfer 3.5 µl from each well of the competition plate into a new plate containing 900 µl of saline per well. As was done on Day 5, make two further serial dilutions of 3.5 µl per well into plates with 600 µl of saline per well and plate an appropriate volume of this final dilution on TA plates. (This will be the same volume plated on Day 5.)

---++++ Day 8: Count Final Plates

Count the numbers of red and white colonies on each TA plate to determine the final frequencies of the two strains in the competition after growth. Calculate the relative fitness of the two strains.

---+++ Calculating Relative Fitness (W)

The relative fitness (W) of strains A relative to straind B is the ratio of their Malthusian parameters (M<sub>A</sub> and M<sub>B</sub>) over the course of a representative growth cycle. 

N = cell number. <br>
PC = plate count on TA. <br> 
DF = dilution factor of all transfers combined.<br>
i and f are the initial and final time points.

M<sub>A</sub> = N<sub>A</sub>(f) / N<sub>A</sub>(i) = PC<sub>A</sub>(f) * DF / PC<sub>A</sub>(i)

M<sub>B</sub> = N<sub>B</sub>(f) / N<sub>B</sub>(i) = PC<sub>B</sub>(f) * DF / PC<sub>B</sub>(i)

W = M<sub>A</sub> / M<sub>B</sub>

Note, that there are problems with this measurement under conditions where: (1) One or both populations are declining in numbers over the course of the competition -- which would lead to negative W values -- or (2) There is a large difference in fitness between the two strains being tests.  In these cases it is better to use selection rates (r) to measure fitness as discussed [[http://myxo.css.msu.edu/ecoli/srvsrf.html][here]].

---+++ Variations
For measuring fitness values more precisely, you can continue to dilute and grow under the same conditions for multiple days before plating. This is useful, for example, when showing that the mutation in an Ara+ revertant of an Ara- REL606-based strain is neutral. Beware that evolution can happen during longer competitions depending on how strong the selective pressures are.

_This protocol and discussion are adapted from the web pages of [[http://www.msu.edu/~lenski/][Richard Lenski]]_
This topic: Lab > WebHome > ProceduresEvolvabilityCompetitions
Topic revision: r7 - 2007-10-19 - JeffreyBarrick